Sleep, Gender and Depression: What We Found Among Pakistani University Students
Our study of 602 Pakistani university students found that gender and sleep were associated with depressive symptoms, but important limitations remain.
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Our study of 602 Pakistani university students found that gender and sleep were associated with depressive symptoms, but important limitations remain.
Our Pakistani study of 602 university students examined PHQ-9 and DASS-21 scores, reliability, symptom patterns, and differences by discipline.
PHQ-9 and DASS-21 both performed well in our Pakistani student study, but they measure different aspects of mental health and are not interchangeable.
New Pakistani evidence shows depression, anxiety and stress affect students across disciplines, challenging assumptions about who is most at risk.
A 602-student Pakistani study found good PHQ-9 reliability and useful psychometric performance, while highlighting limits of screening scores.
New Pakistani data support good DASS-21 reliability and adequate factor-model fit, while raising questions about separation of its three subscales.
PHQ-9 and DASS-21 can reveal more than symptom totals, including item performance, symptom patterns, scale structure, and differences between groups.
A Pakistani student study suggests self-worth and concentration symptoms may carry especially useful information when assessing depression.
A Pakistani university study found strong overlap between DASS-21 depression, anxiety and stress, raising important questions about subscale interpretation.